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Lesson 23: Particle

1. は [wa] (P200)

[Topic] は [Comment]

Topic Marker

Partial Negation

…は Noun/Adjectiveです

Contrastive Emphasis

2. が [ga] (P203)

[subject] が [Verb]

[Object]が

3. は [wa]・が [ga] (P204)

は: General Truths and Habitual Actions

が: Exclusion / Identification

が: New Information・は: Known Information

[Question Word] が…?

Subjectが Plain Form + [Noun]

[Someone] は [Object] が + [Adjective]

[A] は [B] が + [Adjective]

4. を [o] (P208)

[Object] を

[Starting Point] を

[Place] を

5. に [ni] (P210)

[Place]に

[Time]に

[Destination/Arrival Point]に

[Person]に

[New State / Identity]に

6. で [de] (P213)

[Place]で

[Method]で

[Noun]で

[Duration]で

[Total/Unit]で

[Age]で

[Language]で

7. と[to] (P216)

[Someone]と

[Partner]と

[Noun] と [Noun]

Quoting Particle

8. へ[e] (P218)

[Destination/Direction]へ

9. から[kara]・まで[made] (P219)

[Place] から [Place] まで

[Time] から [Time] まで

[Material]から

10. より[yori] (P221)

[A] は [B] より Adjectiveです

[Starting Point]より

11. の[no] (P222)

[Noun]の

[Topic/Content/Material] の

[Noun] の [Position Word]

[Title/Role] の [Name]

[Noun/Adjective/Verb] の

[Country/Company Name] の

12. や[ya]・か[ka] (P225)

[Noun] や [Noun] (など)

[Noun] か [Noun]

13. も[mo] (P226)

[Noun]も

[Number Word]も

14. だけ[dake]・しか[shika] (P227)

[Noun]だけ

[Noun]しか + [Negative Form]